diff --git a/src/copy_device.rs b/src/copy_device.rs
index a3aee40f..70191dd0 100644
--- a/src/copy_device.rs
+++ b/src/copy_device.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use {
         rect::{Rect, Region},
         utils::{
             clonecell::CloneCell,
-            copyhashmap::CopyHashMap,
             errorfmt::ErrorFmt,
             numcell::NumCell,
             oserror::{OsError, OsErrorExt2},
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ use {
             timeline_semaphore::VulkanDeviceTimelineSemaphoreExt,
         },
     },
-    ahash::{AHashMap, AHashSet},
+    ahash::AHashMap,
     arrayvec::ArrayVec,
     ash::{
         Device,
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ use {
     },
     bstr::ByteSlice,
     isnt::std_1::collections::IsntHashMapExt,
-    linearize::{Linearize, LinearizeExt, StaticCopyMap, StaticMap, static_copy_map, static_map},
+    linearize::{Linearize, LinearizeExt, StaticCopyMap, StaticMap, static_map},
     log::Level,
     run_on_drop::on_drop,
     std::{
@@ -86,6 +85,13 @@ use {
     vk::{Buffer, CommandPool, Image, Semaphore},
 };
 
+mod queue_allocation;
+mod registry;
+
+pub use registry::CopyDeviceRegistry;
+
+use queue_allocation::{QueueIndex, QueueToAllocate, allocate_queues};
+
 #[derive(Debug, Error)]
 pub enum CopyDeviceError {
     #[error(transparent)]
@@ -197,20 +203,6 @@ pub struct PhysicalCopyDevice {
     image_blit_2: RefCell<Vec<ImageBlit2<'static>>>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct QueueToAllocate {
-    family: u32,
-    num: usize,
-}
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Default, Debug)]
-struct QueueIndex {
-    allocate_idx: usize,
-    family: u32,
-    idx_within_family: u32,
-    transfer_granularity_mask: (u32, u32),
-}
-
 pub struct CopyDevice {
     _tasks: Vec<SpawnedFuture<()>>,
     dev: Rc<CopyDeviceInner>,
@@ -349,13 +341,6 @@ struct ClassifiedDmabuf<'a> {
     format: &'a CopyDeviceSupport,
 }
 
-pub struct CopyDeviceRegistry {
-    ring: Rc<IoUring>,
-    eng: Rc<AsyncEngine>,
-    eventfd_cache: Rc<EventfdCache>,
-    devs: CopyHashMap<c::dev_t, Option<Rc<PhysicalCopyDevice>>>,
-}
-
 const DEVICE_EXTENSIONS: [&CStr; 6] = [
     external_semaphore_fd::NAME,
     external_fence_fd::NAME,
@@ -1733,47 +1718,6 @@ impl VulkanSemaphore {
     }
 }
 
-impl CopyDeviceRegistry {
-    pub fn new(
-        ring: &Rc<IoUring>,
-        eng: &Rc<AsyncEngine>,
-        eventfd_cache: &Rc<EventfdCache>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            ring: ring.clone(),
-            eng: eng.clone(),
-            eventfd_cache: eventfd_cache.clone(),
-            devs: Default::default(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn remove(&self, dev: c::dev_t) {
-        self.devs.remove(&dev);
-    }
-
-    pub fn get(&self, dev: c::dev_t) -> Option<Rc<PhysicalCopyDevice>> {
-        if let Some(dev) = self.devs.get(&dev) {
-            return dev;
-        }
-        match PhysicalCopyDevice::new(&self.ring, &self.eng, &self.eventfd_cache, dev).map(Some) {
-            Ok(cd) => {
-                self.devs.set(dev, cd.clone());
-                cd
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                let maj = uapi::major(dev);
-                let min = uapi::minor(dev);
-                log::warn!(
-                    "Could not create physical copy device for {maj}:{min}: {}",
-                    ErrorFmt(e),
-                );
-                self.devs.set(dev, None);
-                None
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl Drop for VulkanSemaphore {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         unsafe {
@@ -1898,125 +1842,6 @@ impl Deref for CopyDevice {
     }
 }
 
-type QueueInfo = (u32, (u32, u32), u32);
-
-fn allocate_queues(
-    gfx: QueueInfo,
-    compute_only: Option<QueueInfo>,
-    transfer_only: Option<QueueInfo>,
-) -> (Vec<QueueToAllocate>, KeyedCopy<QueueIndex>) {
-    let intra = compute_only.unwrap_or(gfx);
-    let cross = transfer_only.unwrap_or(intra);
-    let mut distinct_families = AHashSet::default();
-    distinct_families.insert(cross);
-    distinct_families.insert(intra);
-    distinct_families.insert(gfx);
-    let mut queues_to_allocate = vec![];
-    macro_rules! index {
-        ($qi:expr, $within:expr) => {
-            QueueIndex {
-                allocate_idx: queues_to_allocate.len(),
-                family: $qi.0,
-                idx_within_family: $within as u32,
-                transfer_granularity_mask: $qi.1,
-            }
-        };
-    }
-    macro_rules! alloc {
-        ($qi:expr, $num:expr) => {
-            QueueToAllocate {
-                family: $qi.0,
-                num: $num as usize,
-            }
-        };
-    }
-    let (blit, intra_idx, download, upload);
-    if distinct_families.len() == 3 {
-        let num_cross = cross.2.min(2) as usize;
-        blit = index!(gfx, 0);
-        queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(gfx, 1));
-        intra_idx = index!(intra, 0);
-        queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(intra, 1));
-        download = index!(cross, 0);
-        upload = index!(cross, num_cross - 1);
-        queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(cross, num_cross));
-    } else if distinct_families.len() == 1 {
-        let qi = cross;
-        let num = qi.2.min(4);
-        match num {
-            1 => {
-                blit = index!(qi, 0);
-                intra_idx = index!(qi, 0);
-                download = index!(qi, 0);
-                upload = index!(qi, 0);
-            }
-            2 => {
-                blit = index!(qi, 0);
-                intra_idx = index!(qi, 0);
-                download = index!(qi, 0);
-                upload = index!(qi, 1);
-            }
-            3 => {
-                blit = index!(qi, 0);
-                intra_idx = index!(qi, 0);
-                download = index!(qi, 1);
-                upload = index!(qi, 2);
-            }
-            4 => {
-                blit = index!(qi, 0);
-                intra_idx = index!(qi, 1);
-                download = index!(qi, 2);
-                upload = index!(qi, 3);
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-        queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(qi, num));
-    } else {
-        if gfx == intra {
-            let num_gfx = gfx.2.min(2);
-            blit = index!(gfx, 0);
-            intra_idx = index!(gfx, num_gfx - 1);
-            queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(gfx, num_gfx));
-            let num_cross = cross.2.min(2);
-            download = index!(cross, 0);
-            upload = index!(cross, num_cross - 1);
-            queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(cross, num_cross));
-        } else {
-            // if cross == gfx then intra == gfx
-            assert_eq!(intra, cross);
-            blit = index!(gfx, 0);
-            queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(gfx, 1));
-            let num_intra = intra.2.min(3);
-            match num_intra {
-                1 => {
-                    intra_idx = index!(intra, 0);
-                    download = index!(intra, 0);
-                    upload = index!(intra, 0);
-                }
-                2 => {
-                    intra_idx = index!(intra, 0);
-                    download = index!(intra, 0);
-                    upload = index!(intra, 1);
-                }
-                3 => {
-                    intra_idx = index!(intra, 0);
-                    download = index!(intra, 1);
-                    upload = index!(intra, 2);
-                }
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            }
-            queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(intra, num_intra));
-        }
-    }
-    let queue_indices = static_copy_map! {
-        TransferType::Blit => blit,
-        TransferType::Intra => intra_idx,
-        TransferType::Download => download,
-        TransferType::Upload => upload,
-    };
-    (queues_to_allocate, queue_indices)
-}
-
 impl VulkanDeviceInf for CopyDeviceInner {
     fn instance(&self) -> &VulkanCoreInstance {
         &self.phy.instance
diff --git a/src/copy_device/queue_allocation.rs b/src/copy_device/queue_allocation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d3d91d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/copy_device/queue_allocation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+use {
+    super::{KeyedCopy, TransferType},
+    ahash::AHashSet,
+    linearize::static_copy_map,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(super) struct QueueToAllocate {
+    pub(super) family: u32,
+    pub(super) num: usize,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Default, Debug)]
+pub(super) struct QueueIndex {
+    pub(super) allocate_idx: usize,
+    pub(super) family: u32,
+    pub(super) idx_within_family: u32,
+    pub(super) transfer_granularity_mask: (u32, u32),
+}
+
+type QueueInfo = (u32, (u32, u32), u32);
+
+pub(super) fn allocate_queues(
+    gfx: QueueInfo,
+    compute_only: Option<QueueInfo>,
+    transfer_only: Option<QueueInfo>,
+) -> (Vec<QueueToAllocate>, KeyedCopy<QueueIndex>) {
+    let intra = compute_only.unwrap_or(gfx);
+    let cross = transfer_only.unwrap_or(intra);
+    let mut distinct_families = AHashSet::default();
+    distinct_families.insert(cross);
+    distinct_families.insert(intra);
+    distinct_families.insert(gfx);
+    let mut queues_to_allocate = vec![];
+    macro_rules! index {
+        ($qi:expr, $within:expr) => {
+            QueueIndex {
+                allocate_idx: queues_to_allocate.len(),
+                family: $qi.0,
+                idx_within_family: $within as u32,
+                transfer_granularity_mask: $qi.1,
+            }
+        };
+    }
+    macro_rules! alloc {
+        ($qi:expr, $num:expr) => {
+            QueueToAllocate {
+                family: $qi.0,
+                num: $num as usize,
+            }
+        };
+    }
+    let (blit, intra_idx, download, upload);
+    if distinct_families.len() == 3 {
+        let num_cross = cross.2.min(2) as usize;
+        blit = index!(gfx, 0);
+        queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(gfx, 1));
+        intra_idx = index!(intra, 0);
+        queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(intra, 1));
+        download = index!(cross, 0);
+        upload = index!(cross, num_cross - 1);
+        queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(cross, num_cross));
+    } else if distinct_families.len() == 1 {
+        let qi = cross;
+        let num = qi.2.min(4);
+        match num {
+            1 => {
+                blit = index!(qi, 0);
+                intra_idx = index!(qi, 0);
+                download = index!(qi, 0);
+                upload = index!(qi, 0);
+            }
+            2 => {
+                blit = index!(qi, 0);
+                intra_idx = index!(qi, 0);
+                download = index!(qi, 0);
+                upload = index!(qi, 1);
+            }
+            3 => {
+                blit = index!(qi, 0);
+                intra_idx = index!(qi, 0);
+                download = index!(qi, 1);
+                upload = index!(qi, 2);
+            }
+            4 => {
+                blit = index!(qi, 0);
+                intra_idx = index!(qi, 1);
+                download = index!(qi, 2);
+                upload = index!(qi, 3);
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+        queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(qi, num));
+    } else {
+        if gfx == intra {
+            let num_gfx = gfx.2.min(2);
+            blit = index!(gfx, 0);
+            intra_idx = index!(gfx, num_gfx - 1);
+            queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(gfx, num_gfx));
+            let num_cross = cross.2.min(2);
+            download = index!(cross, 0);
+            upload = index!(cross, num_cross - 1);
+            queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(cross, num_cross));
+        } else {
+            // if cross == gfx then intra == gfx
+            assert_eq!(intra, cross);
+            blit = index!(gfx, 0);
+            queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(gfx, 1));
+            let num_intra = intra.2.min(3);
+            match num_intra {
+                1 => {
+                    intra_idx = index!(intra, 0);
+                    download = index!(intra, 0);
+                    upload = index!(intra, 0);
+                }
+                2 => {
+                    intra_idx = index!(intra, 0);
+                    download = index!(intra, 0);
+                    upload = index!(intra, 1);
+                }
+                3 => {
+                    intra_idx = index!(intra, 0);
+                    download = index!(intra, 1);
+                    upload = index!(intra, 2);
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+            queues_to_allocate.push(alloc!(intra, num_intra));
+        }
+    }
+    let queue_indices = static_copy_map! {
+        TransferType::Blit => blit,
+        TransferType::Intra => intra_idx,
+        TransferType::Download => download,
+        TransferType::Upload => upload,
+    };
+    (queues_to_allocate, queue_indices)
+}
diff --git a/src/copy_device/registry.rs b/src/copy_device/registry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2518a68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/copy_device/registry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use {
+    super::PhysicalCopyDevice,
+    crate::{
+        async_engine::AsyncEngine,
+        eventfd_cache::EventfdCache,
+        io_uring::IoUring,
+        utils::{copyhashmap::CopyHashMap, errorfmt::ErrorFmt},
+    },
+    std::rc::Rc,
+    uapi::c,
+};
+
+pub struct CopyDeviceRegistry {
+    ring: Rc<IoUring>,
+    eng: Rc<AsyncEngine>,
+    eventfd_cache: Rc<EventfdCache>,
+    devs: CopyHashMap<c::dev_t, Option<Rc<PhysicalCopyDevice>>>,
+}
+
+impl CopyDeviceRegistry {
+    pub fn new(
+        ring: &Rc<IoUring>,
+        eng: &Rc<AsyncEngine>,
+        eventfd_cache: &Rc<EventfdCache>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ring: ring.clone(),
+            eng: eng.clone(),
+            eventfd_cache: eventfd_cache.clone(),
+            devs: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn remove(&self, dev: c::dev_t) {
+        self.devs.remove(&dev);
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, dev: c::dev_t) -> Option<Rc<PhysicalCopyDevice>> {
+        if let Some(dev) = self.devs.get(&dev) {
+            return dev;
+        }
+        match PhysicalCopyDevice::new(&self.ring, &self.eng, &self.eventfd_cache, dev).map(Some) {
+            Ok(cd) => {
+                self.devs.set(dev, cd.clone());
+                cd
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                let maj = uapi::major(dev);
+                let min = uapi::minor(dev);
+                log::warn!(
+                    "Could not create physical copy device for {maj}:{min}: {}",
+                    ErrorFmt(e),
+                );
+                self.devs.set(dev, None);
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}