diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 2ecee160..5b28329c 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1001,6 +1001,7 @@ name = "jay-output-types"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "blake3",
+ "jay-utils",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/input-types/src/lib.rs b/input-types/src/lib.rs
index ff43f256..c2537fde 100644
--- a/input-types/src/lib.rs
+++ b/input-types/src/lib.rs
@@ -110,6 +110,9 @@ impl StaticText for InputDeviceCapability {
 }
 
 linear_ids!(InputDeviceGroupIds, InputDeviceGroupId, usize);
+linear_ids!(InputDeviceIds, InputDeviceId);
+
+pub type TransformMatrix = [[f64; 2]; 2];
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub enum KeyState {
diff --git a/output-types/Cargo.toml b/output-types/Cargo.toml
index cbc26574..535bda79 100644
--- a/output-types/Cargo.toml
+++ b/output-types/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,4 +7,6 @@ description = "Output identity types for the Jay compositor"
 repository = "https://github.com/mahkoh/jay"
 
 [dependencies]
+jay-utils = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../utils" }
+
 blake3 = "1.8.2"
diff --git a/output-types/src/lib.rs b/output-types/src/lib.rs
index 9d3bb80e..0ea26cdf 100644
--- a/output-types/src/lib.rs
+++ b/output-types/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,92 @@
 use {
+    jay_utils::numcell::NumCell,
     std::{
+        fmt::{Display, Formatter},
         hash::{Hash, Hasher},
         rc::Rc,
     },
 };
 
+macro_rules! linear_ids {
+    ($ids:ident, $id:ident $(,)?) => {
+        linear_ids!($ids, $id, u32);
+    };
+    ($ids:ident, $id:ident, $ty:ty $(,)?) => {
+        #[derive(Debug)]
+        pub struct $ids {
+            next: NumCell<$ty>,
+        }
+
+        impl Default for $ids {
+            fn default() -> Self {
+                Self {
+                    next: NumCell::new(1),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $ids {
+            pub fn next(&self) -> $id {
+                $id(self.next.fetch_add(1))
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Ord, PartialOrd)]
+        pub struct $id($ty);
+
+        impl $id {
+            pub fn raw(&self) -> $ty {
+                self.0
+            }
+
+            pub fn from_raw(id: $ty) -> Self {
+                Self(id)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl Display for $id {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+linear_ids!(ConnectorIds, ConnectorId);
+linear_ids!(DrmDeviceIds, DrmDeviceId);
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct Mode {
+    pub width: i32,
+    pub height: i32,
+    pub refresh_rate_millihz: u32,
+}
+
+impl Mode {
+    pub fn refresh_nsec(&self) -> u64 {
+        match self.refresh_rate_millihz {
+            0 => u64::MAX,
+            n => 1_000_000_000_000 / (n as u64),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn size(&self) -> (i32, i32) {
+        (self.width, self.height)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Mode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "{}x{}@{}",
+            self.width,
+            self.height,
+            self.refresh_rate_millihz as f64 / 1000.0,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct OutputIdHash(pub [u8; 32]);
 
diff --git a/src/backend.rs b/src/backend.rs
index 72509caa..8bb837e7 100644
--- a/src/backend.rs
+++ b/src/backend.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ use {
         any::Any,
         error::Error,
         fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter},
-        hash::Hash,
         rc::Rc,
     },
     uapi::{OwnedFd, Packed, Pod, c},
@@ -30,22 +29,18 @@ use {
 
 pub mod transaction;
 
-pub use jay_output_types::OutputId;
+pub use jay_output_types::{ConnectorId, ConnectorIds, DrmDeviceId, DrmDeviceIds, Mode, OutputId};
 
 pub use jay_input_types::{
     AXIS_120, AxisSource, ButtonState, InputDeviceAccelProfile, InputDeviceCapability,
-    InputDeviceClickMethod, InputDeviceGroupId, InputDeviceGroupIds, KeyState, Leds,
-    PadButtonState, ScrollAxis, TabletId, TabletIds, TabletInit, TabletPadGroupInit, TabletPadId,
-    TabletPadIds, TabletPadInit, TabletRingEventSource, TabletStripEventSource,
-    TabletTool2dChange, TabletToolCapability, TabletToolChanges, TabletToolId, TabletToolIds,
-    TabletToolInit, TabletToolPositionChange, TabletToolType, TabletToolWheelChange,
-    ToolButtonState,
+    InputDeviceClickMethod, InputDeviceGroupId, InputDeviceGroupIds, InputDeviceId,
+    InputDeviceIds, KeyState, Leds, PadButtonState, ScrollAxis, TabletId, TabletIds, TabletInit,
+    TabletPadGroupInit, TabletPadId, TabletPadIds, TabletPadInit, TabletRingEventSource,
+    TabletStripEventSource, TabletTool2dChange, TabletToolCapability, TabletToolChanges,
+    TabletToolId, TabletToolIds, TabletToolInit, TabletToolPositionChange, TabletToolType,
+    TabletToolWheelChange, ToolButtonState, TransformMatrix,
 };
 
-linear_ids!(ConnectorIds, ConnectorId);
-linear_ids!(InputDeviceIds, InputDeviceId);
-linear_ids!(DrmDeviceIds, DrmDeviceId);
-
 pub trait Backend: Any {
     fn run(self: Rc<Self>) -> SpawnedFuture<Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>>;
     fn clear(&self) {
@@ -69,38 +64,6 @@ pub trait Backend: Any {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub struct Mode {
-    pub width: i32,
-    pub height: i32,
-    pub refresh_rate_millihz: u32,
-}
-
-impl Mode {
-    pub fn refresh_nsec(&self) -> u64 {
-        match self.refresh_rate_millihz {
-            0 => u64::MAX,
-            n => 1_000_000_000_000 / (n as u64),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn size(&self) -> (i32, i32) {
-        (self.width, self.height)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for Mode {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(
-            f,
-            "{}x{}@{}",
-            self.width,
-            self.height,
-            self.refresh_rate_millihz as f64 / 1000.0,
-        )
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct MonitorInfo {
     pub modes: Option<Vec<Mode>>,
@@ -202,8 +165,6 @@ pub trait HardwareCursor: Debug {
     fn damage(&self);
 }
 
-pub type TransformMatrix = [[f64; 2]; 2];
-
 pub trait InputDevice {
     fn id(&self) -> InputDeviceId;
     fn removed(&self) -> bool;