diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index ec0be875..0074f993 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1065,6 +1065,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "uapi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "jay-toml"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "bstr",
+ "indexmap",
+ "serde_json",
+ "thiserror",
+ "walkdir",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "jay-toml-config"
 version = "0.12.0"
@@ -1075,15 +1086,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "indexmap",
  "jay-config",
  "jay-config-schema",
+ "jay-toml",
  "kbvm",
  "log",
  "phf",
  "run-on-drop",
- "serde_json",
  "simplelog",
  "thiserror",
  "uapi",
- "walkdir",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b3c24f84..1e4e89b9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ members = [
     "pango",
     "libinput",
     "toml-config",
+    "toml-parser",
     "algorithms",
     "toml-spec",
     "wire-to-xml",
diff --git a/toml-config/Cargo.toml b/toml-config/Cargo.toml
index 2752a640..734cf415 100644
--- a/toml-config/Cargo.toml
+++ b/toml-config/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/mahkoh/jay"
 [dependencies]
 jay-config = { version = "1.10.0", path = "../jay-config" }
 jay-config-schema = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../jay-config-schema" }
+jay-toml = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../toml-parser" }
 log = "0.4.14"
 thiserror = "2.0.11"
 error_reporter = "1.0.0"
@@ -22,5 +23,3 @@ kbvm = "0.1.6"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 simplelog = { version = "0.12.2", features = ["test"] }
-serde_json = "1.0.114"
-walkdir = "2.5.0"
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config.rs b/toml-config/src/config.rs
index 31e43c14..6b82768b 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ mod keycodes;
 mod parser;
 mod parsers;
 mod spanned;
-mod value;
 
 use {
     crate::{
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ use {
                 config::{ConfigParser, ConfigParserError},
             },
         },
-        toml::{self},
     },
     ahash::AHashMap,
     std::{
@@ -23,7 +21,7 @@ use {
         error::Error,
     },
     thiserror::Error,
-    toml::toml_parser,
+    jay_toml::toml_parser,
 };
 
 pub use jay_config_schema::{
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/context.rs b/toml-config/src/config/context.rs
index 5ffb015c..710fa481 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/context.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/context.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use {
     crate::{
         config::error::SpannedError,
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_parser::{ErrorHandler, ParserError},
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned},
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/error.rs b/toml-config/src/config/error.rs
index 4c615179..2374ab05 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/error.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/error.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use {
-    crate::toml::toml_span::Span,
+    jay_toml::toml_span::Span,
     bstr::ByteSlice,
     error_reporter::Report,
     std::{
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/extractor.rs b/toml-config/src/config/extractor.rs
index 09e5d29c..57d91d74 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/extractor.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/extractor.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use {
     crate::{
         config::context::Context,
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parser.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parser.rs
index 53bc3e91..19733c41 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parser.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parser.rs
@@ -1,118 +1,3 @@
-use {
-    crate::toml::{
-        toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
-        toml_value::Value,
-    },
-    indexmap::IndexMap,
-    std::{
-        error::Error,
-        fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
-    },
+pub use jay_toml::value_parser::{
+    DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType,
 };
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub enum DataType {
-    String,
-    Integer,
-    Float,
-    Boolean,
-    Array,
-    Table,
-}
-
-impl Display for DataType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        let s = match self {
-            DataType::String => "a string",
-            DataType::Integer => "an integer",
-            DataType::Float => "a float",
-            DataType::Boolean => "a bool",
-            DataType::Array => "an array",
-            DataType::Table => "a table",
-        };
-        f.write_str(s)
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct DataTypes(&'static [DataType]);
-
-impl Display for DataTypes {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        let d = self.0;
-        match d.len() {
-            0 => Ok(()),
-            1 => d[0].fmt(f),
-            2 => write!(f, "{} or {}", d[0], d[1]),
-            _ => {
-                let mut first = true;
-                #[expect(clippy::needless_range_loop)]
-                for i in 0..d.len() - 1 {
-                    if !first {
-                        f.write_str(", ")?;
-                    }
-                    first = false;
-                    d[i].fmt(f)?;
-                }
-                write!(f, ", or {}", d[d.len() - 1])
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct UnexpectedDataType(&'static [DataType], DataType);
-
-impl Display for UnexpectedDataType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "Expected {} but found {}", DataTypes(self.0), self.1)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Error for UnexpectedDataType {}
-
-pub type ParseResult<P> = Result<<P as Parser>::Value, Spanned<<P as Parser>::Error>>;
-
-pub trait Parser {
-    type Value;
-    type Error: From<UnexpectedDataType>;
-
-    const EXPECTED: &'static [DataType];
-
-    fn parse_string(&mut self, span: Span, string: &str) -> ParseResult<Self> {
-        let _ = string;
-        expected(self, span, DataType::String)
-    }
-
-    fn parse_integer(&mut self, span: Span, integer: i64) -> ParseResult<Self> {
-        let _ = integer;
-        expected(self, span, DataType::Integer)
-    }
-
-    fn parse_float(&mut self, span: Span, float: f64) -> ParseResult<Self> {
-        let _ = float;
-        expected(self, span, DataType::Float)
-    }
-
-    fn parse_bool(&mut self, span: Span, bool: bool) -> ParseResult<Self> {
-        let _ = bool;
-        expected(self, span, DataType::Boolean)
-    }
-
-    fn parse_array(&mut self, span: Span, array: &[Spanned<Value>]) -> ParseResult<Self> {
-        let _ = array;
-        expected(self, span, DataType::Array)
-    }
-
-    fn parse_table(
-        &mut self,
-        span: Span,
-        table: &IndexMap<Spanned<String>, Spanned<Value>>,
-    ) -> ParseResult<Self> {
-        let _ = table;
-        expected(self, span, DataType::Table)
-    }
-}
-
-fn expected<P: Parser + ?Sized>(_p: &P, span: Span, actual: DataType) -> ParseResult<P> {
-    Err(P::Error::from(UnexpectedDataType(P::EXPECTED, actual)).spanned(span))
-}
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers.rs
index f540a8e5..5bea6371 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use {
     crate::{
         config::parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
-        toml::toml_span::Span,
+        jay_toml::toml_span::Span,
     },
     thiserror::Error,
 };
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/action.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/action.rs
index 4c5cadab..951cc929 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/action.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/action.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use {
             },
             spanned::SpannedErrorExt,
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/actions.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/actions.rs
index 0743b5e7..3958dfa4 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/actions.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/actions.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use {
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
             parsers::action::ActionParser,
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/animations.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/animations.rs
index cc5cb439..9af8a497 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/animations.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/animations.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, bol, n32, opt, recover, str, val},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/clean_logs_older_than.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/clean_logs_older_than.rs
index 0c3bb4a7..c81324f3 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/clean_logs_older_than.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/clean_logs_older_than.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, fltorint, opt},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/client_match.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/client_match.rs
index 2941bad7..1d8050c2 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/client_match.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/client_match.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, arr, bol, n32, opt, s32, str, val},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/client_rule.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/client_rule.rs
index 50bf7f0d..239b1a75 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/client_rule.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/client_rule.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use {
             },
             spanned::SpannedErrorExt,
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/color.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/color.rs
index 25073b20..96edb5ab 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/color.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/color.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use {
             extractor::ExtractorError,
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
+        jay_toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
     },
     jay_config::theme::Color,
     std::{num::ParseIntError, ops::Range},
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/color_management.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/color_management.rs
index fc49bb5a..1857a376 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/color_management.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/color_management.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, bol, opt},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/config.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/config.rs
index 5b96e27c..0932a410 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/config.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/config.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ use {
             },
             spanned::SpannedErrorExt,
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/connector.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/connector.rs
index c1618221..5545a4b7 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/connector.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/connector.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use {
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
             parsers::connector_match::{ConnectorMatchParser, ConnectorMatchParserError},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/connector_match.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/connector_match.rs
index b9eb4e9b..ac8d8c83 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/connector_match.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/connector_match.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, opt, str},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/content_type.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/content_type.rs
index c7038bbf..c0af74b1 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/content_type.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/content_type.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use {
     crate::{
         config::parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/drm_device.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/drm_device.rs
index d2030adf..6de886b4 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/drm_device.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/drm_device.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use {
                 gfx_api::GfxApiParser,
             },
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/drm_device_match.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/drm_device_match.rs
index 3b0aeac7..7d50b67f 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/drm_device_match.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/drm_device_match.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, n32, opt, recover, str},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/env.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/env.rs
index a2a0f9ae..4c80e917 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/env.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/env.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use {
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
             parsers::{StringParser, StringParserError},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/exec.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/exec.rs
index aee577ac..09473de3 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/exec.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/exec.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use {
                 env::{EnvParser, EnvParserError},
             },
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/fallback_output_mode.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/fallback_output_mode.rs
index 3918a5db..91381b38 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/fallback_output_mode.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/fallback_output_mode.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use {
     crate::{
         config::parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
-        toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
+        jay_toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
     },
     jay_config::input::FallbackOutputMode,
     thiserror::Error,
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/float.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/float.rs
index e31c981e..f09c1189 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/float.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/float.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, bol, opt, recover},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/focus_history.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/focus_history.rs
index 04c84a5d..15340512 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/focus_history.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/focus_history.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, bol, opt, recover},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/format.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/format.rs
index 7755b555..d9aaf31d 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/format.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/format.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use {
     crate::{
         config::parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
-        toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
+        jay_toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
     },
     jay_config::video::Format,
     thiserror::Error,
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/gfx_api.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/gfx_api.rs
index 69bb6740..b7e75122 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/gfx_api.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/gfx_api.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use {
     crate::{
         config::parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
-        toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
+        jay_toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
     },
     jay_config::video::GfxApi,
     thiserror::Error,
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/idle.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/idle.rs
index 5da15f8b..16bb128a 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/idle.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/idle.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, bol, n64, opt, recover, val},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/input.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/input.rs
index 2b4115a3..e810b638 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/input.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/input.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use {
                 output_match::OutputMatchParser,
             },
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/input_match.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/input_match.rs
index 0d534cea..9a0998df 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/input_match.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/input_match.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, bol, opt, str},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/input_mode.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/input_mode.rs
index 035e9c47..fa053912 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/input_mode.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/input_mode.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use {
             parsers::shortcuts::{ComplexShortcutsParser, ShortcutsParser, ShortcutsParserError},
             spanned::SpannedErrorExt,
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/keymap.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/keymap.rs
index ea4afc66..16276b92 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/keymap.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/keymap.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, opt, str, val},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/libei.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/libei.rs
index 47fd825f..9be10fc0 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/libei.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/libei.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, bol, opt, recover},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/log_level.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/log_level.rs
index 73209d1b..5c23030e 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/log_level.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/log_level.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use {
     crate::{
         config::parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
-        toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
+        jay_toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
     },
     jay_config::logging::LogLevel,
     thiserror::Error,
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/mark_id.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/mark_id.rs
index e3dc0688..cb6ece68 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/mark_id.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/mark_id.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             keycodes::KEYCODES,
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/mode.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/mode.rs
index 5a64d9ae..31c108e2 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/mode.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/mode.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, fltorint, opt, s32},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/modified_keysym.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/modified_keysym.rs
index 102a1c22..a693557a 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/modified_keysym.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/modified_keysym.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use {
     crate::{
         config::parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
-        toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
+        jay_toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
     },
     jay_config::keyboard::{
         ModifiedKeySym,
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/output.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/output.rs
index 120bfe25..0ecfef9f 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/output.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/output.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use {
                 vrr::VrrParser,
             },
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/output_match.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/output_match.rs
index 4af292f2..4af59515 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/output_match.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/output_match.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, opt, str},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/repeat_rate.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/repeat_rate.rs
index 4374d853..f6658299 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/repeat_rate.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/repeat_rate.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, s32},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/shortcuts.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/shortcuts.rs
index 46e71813..540d8e96 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/shortcuts.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/shortcuts.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use {
             },
             spanned::SpannedErrorExt,
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/simple_im.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/simple_im.rs
index b4c08095..f1a69f61 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/simple_im.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/simple_im.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, bol, opt, recover},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/status.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/status.rs
index 77e3aa72..77cf08f1 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/status.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/status.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use {
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
             parsers::exec::{ExecParser, ExecParserError},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/tearing.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/tearing.rs
index 7e6061bc..7e0c96bb 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/tearing.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/tearing.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, opt, val},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/theme.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/theme.rs
index c67fa744..4a2e05c0 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/theme.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/theme.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use {
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
             parsers::color::ColorParser,
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/tile_state.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/tile_state.rs
index de9d30eb..0634c840 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/tile_state.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/tile_state.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use {
     crate::{
         config::parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
-        toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
+        jay_toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
     },
     jay_config::window::TileState,
     thiserror::Error,
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/ui_drag.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/ui_drag.rs
index aff14805..6749b4ed 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/ui_drag.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/ui_drag.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use {
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
             parsers::exec::ExecParserError,
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/vrr.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/vrr.rs
index f2f2322a..224225c8 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/vrr.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/vrr.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, opt, val},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/window_match.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/window_match.rs
index a2c11305..d6a911d6 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/window_match.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/window_match.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use {
                 window_type::{WindowTypeParser, WindowTypeParserError},
             },
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/window_rule.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/window_rule.rs
index 5311641c..b25b632a 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/window_rule.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/window_rule.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use {
             },
             spanned::SpannedErrorExt,
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/window_type.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/window_type.rs
index 388fe317..39363069 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/window_type.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/window_type.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use {
     crate::{
         config::parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/workspace_display_order.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/workspace_display_order.rs
index 749cff2d..2b69c0ac 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/workspace_display_order.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/workspace_display_order.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use {
     crate::{
         config::parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
-        toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
+        jay_toml::toml_span::{Span, SpannedExt},
     },
     jay_config::workspace::WorkspaceDisplayOrder,
     thiserror::Error,
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/xwayland.rs b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/xwayland.rs
index c6420334..9998dd5d 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/parsers/xwayland.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/parsers/xwayland.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use {
             extractor::{Extractor, ExtractorError, bol, opt, recover, val},
             parser::{DataType, ParseResult, Parser, UnexpectedDataType},
         },
-        toml::{
+        jay_toml::{
             toml_span::{DespanExt, Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
             toml_value::Value,
         },
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/spanned.rs b/toml-config/src/config/spanned.rs
index a88282c7..bb4db6ef 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/spanned.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/config/spanned.rs
@@ -1,63 +1 @@
-use crate::{
-    config::parser::{ParseResult, Parser},
-    toml::{toml_span::Spanned, toml_value::Value},
-};
-
-impl Spanned<&Value> {
-    pub fn parse<P: Parser>(&self, parser: &mut P) -> ParseResult<P> {
-        self.value.parse(self.span, parser)
-    }
-
-    pub fn parse_map<P: Parser, E>(
-        &self,
-        parser: &mut P,
-    ) -> Result<<P as Parser>::Value, Spanned<E>>
-    where
-        <P as Parser>::Error: Into<E>,
-    {
-        self.parse(parser).map_spanned_err(|e| e.into())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Spanned<Value> {
-    pub fn parse<P: Parser>(&self, parser: &mut P) -> ParseResult<P> {
-        self.as_ref().parse(parser)
-    }
-
-    pub fn parse_map<P: Parser, E>(
-        &self,
-        parser: &mut P,
-    ) -> Result<<P as Parser>::Value, Spanned<E>>
-    where
-        <P as Parser>::Error: Into<E>,
-    {
-        self.as_ref().parse_map(parser)
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait SpannedErrorExt {
-    type T;
-    type E;
-
-    fn map_spanned_err<U, F>(self, f: F) -> Result<Self::T, Spanned<U>>
-    where
-        F: FnOnce(Self::E) -> U;
-}
-
-impl<T, E> SpannedErrorExt for Result<T, Spanned<E>> {
-    type T = T;
-    type E = E;
-
-    fn map_spanned_err<U, F>(self, f: F) -> Result<Self::T, Spanned<U>>
-    where
-        F: FnOnce(Self::E) -> U,
-    {
-        match self {
-            Ok(v) => Ok(v),
-            Err(e) => Err(Spanned {
-                span: e.span,
-                value: f(e.value),
-            }),
-        }
-    }
-}
+pub use jay_toml::SpannedErrorExt;
diff --git a/toml-config/src/lib.rs b/toml-config/src/lib.rs
index 67586416..86b411fe 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/lib.rs
+++ b/toml-config/src/lib.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
 mod config;
 mod rules;
 mod shortcuts;
-mod toml;
+
+pub(crate) use jay_toml;
 
 use {
     crate::{
diff --git a/toml-parser/Cargo.toml b/toml-parser/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8f98acc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toml-parser/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[package]
+name = "jay-toml"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+license = "GPL-3.0-only"
+description = "Internal TOML parser used by Jay"
+repository = "https://github.com/mahkoh/jay"
+
+[dependencies]
+bstr = { version = "1.9.1", default-features = false }
+indexmap = "2.2.5"
+thiserror = "2.0.11"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+serde_json = "1.0.114"
+walkdir = "2.5.0"
diff --git a/toml-config/src/toml.rs b/toml-parser/src/lib.rs
similarity index 51%
rename from toml-config/src/toml.rs
rename to toml-parser/src/lib.rs
index 8c2ce876..045b62d1 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/toml.rs
+++ b/toml-parser/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
+mod spanned_ext;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 mod toml_lexer;
 pub mod toml_parser;
 pub mod toml_span;
 pub mod toml_value;
+mod value_ext;
+pub mod value_parser;
+
+pub use spanned_ext::SpannedErrorExt;
diff --git a/toml-parser/src/spanned_ext.rs b/toml-parser/src/spanned_ext.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40886a0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toml-parser/src/spanned_ext.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+use crate::{
+    toml_span::Spanned,
+    toml_value::Value,
+    value_parser::{ParseResult, Parser},
+};
+
+impl Spanned<&Value> {
+    pub fn parse<P: Parser>(&self, parser: &mut P) -> ParseResult<P> {
+        self.value.parse(self.span, parser)
+    }
+
+    pub fn parse_map<P: Parser, E>(
+        &self,
+        parser: &mut P,
+    ) -> Result<<P as Parser>::Value, Spanned<E>>
+    where
+        <P as Parser>::Error: Into<E>,
+    {
+        self.parse(parser).map_spanned_err(|e| e.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Spanned<Value> {
+    pub fn parse<P: Parser>(&self, parser: &mut P) -> ParseResult<P> {
+        self.as_ref().parse(parser)
+    }
+
+    pub fn parse_map<P: Parser, E>(
+        &self,
+        parser: &mut P,
+    ) -> Result<<P as Parser>::Value, Spanned<E>>
+    where
+        <P as Parser>::Error: Into<E>,
+    {
+        self.as_ref().parse_map(parser)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait SpannedErrorExt {
+    type T;
+    type E;
+
+    fn map_spanned_err<U, F>(self, f: F) -> Result<Self::T, Spanned<U>>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(Self::E) -> U;
+}
+
+impl<T, E> SpannedErrorExt for Result<T, Spanned<E>> {
+    type T = T;
+    type E = E;
+
+    fn map_spanned_err<U, F>(self, f: F) -> Result<Self::T, Spanned<U>>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(Self::E) -> U,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Ok(v) => Ok(v),
+            Err(e) => Err(Spanned {
+                span: e.span,
+                value: f(e.value),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/toml-config/src/toml/tests.rs b/toml-parser/src/tests.rs
similarity index 77%
rename from toml-config/src/toml/tests.rs
rename to toml-parser/src/tests.rs
index 0cb76e36..4f62d112 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/toml/tests.rs
+++ b/toml-parser/src/tests.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
 use {
     crate::{
-        config::error::SpannedError,
-        toml::{
-            toml_parser::{ErrorHandler, ParserError, parse},
-            toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
-            toml_value::Value,
-        },
+        toml_parser::{ErrorHandler, ParserError, parse},
+        toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
+        toml_value::Value,
     },
     bstr::{BStr, ByteSlice},
     std::{
-        convert::Infallible,
         os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt,
         panic::{AssertUnwindSafe, catch_unwind},
         str::FromStr,
@@ -21,7 +17,15 @@ use {
 fn test() {
     let mut have_failures = false;
     let mut num = 0;
-    for path in WalkDir::new("./toml-test/tests/valid") {
+    let tests = std::path::Path::new(concat!(
+        env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"),
+        "/../toml-config/toml-test/tests/valid"
+    ));
+    if !tests.exists() {
+        eprintln!("skipping TOML conformance tests because fixtures are not present");
+        return;
+    }
+    for path in WalkDir::new(tests) {
         let path = path.unwrap();
         if let Some(prefix) = path.path().as_os_str().as_bytes().strip_suffix(b".toml") {
             num += 1;
@@ -45,11 +49,11 @@ fn run_test(prefix: &BStr) -> bool {
 
     let json: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
     let json_as_toml = json_to_value(json);
-    let toml = match parse(toml.as_bytes(), &NoErrorHandler(prefix, &toml)) {
+    let toml = match parse(toml.as_bytes(), &NoErrorHandler(prefix)) {
         Ok(t) => t,
         Err(e) => {
             eprintln!("toml could not be parsed in test {}", prefix);
-            NoErrorHandler(prefix, &toml).handle(e);
+            NoErrorHandler(prefix).handle(e);
             return true;
         }
     };
@@ -95,18 +99,14 @@ fn json_to_value(json: serde_json::Value) -> Spanned<Value> {
     val.spanned(span)
 }
 
-struct NoErrorHandler<'a>(&'a BStr, &'a [u8]);
+struct NoErrorHandler<'a>(&'a BStr);
 
 impl<'a> ErrorHandler for NoErrorHandler<'a> {
     fn handle(&self, err: Spanned<ParserError>) {
         eprintln!(
             "{}: An error occurred during validation: {}",
             self.0,
-            SpannedError {
-                input: self.1.into(),
-                span: err.span,
-                cause: Some(err.value),
-            }
+            FormatError(err.span, Some(err.value)),
         );
     }
 
@@ -114,20 +114,23 @@ impl<'a> ErrorHandler for NoErrorHandler<'a> {
         eprintln!(
             "{}: Redefinition: {}",
             self.0,
-            SpannedError {
-                input: self.1.into(),
-                span: err.span,
-                cause: Some(err.value),
-            }
+            FormatError(err.span, Some(err.value)),
         );
         eprintln!(
             "{}: Previous: {}",
             self.0,
-            SpannedError {
-                input: self.1.into(),
-                span: prev,
-                cause: None::<Infallible>,
-            }
+            FormatError(prev, None),
         );
     }
 }
+
+struct FormatError(Span, Option<ParserError>);
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for FormatError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        if let Some(cause) = &self.1 {
+            write!(f, "{cause}: ")?;
+        }
+        write!(f, "span {}..{}", self.0.lo, self.0.hi)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/toml-config/src/toml/toml_lexer.rs b/toml-parser/src/toml_lexer.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from toml-config/src/toml/toml_lexer.rs
rename to toml-parser/src/toml_lexer.rs
index 7e3d90b8..d59d5f43 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/toml/toml_lexer.rs
+++ b/toml-parser/src/toml_lexer.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::toml::toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt};
+use crate::toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub enum Token<'a> {
diff --git a/toml-config/src/toml/toml_parser.rs b/toml-parser/src/toml_parser.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from toml-config/src/toml/toml_parser.rs
rename to toml-parser/src/toml_parser.rs
index 0ce75eba..5020d425 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/toml/toml_parser.rs
+++ b/toml-parser/src/toml_parser.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use {
-    crate::toml::{
+    crate::{
         toml_lexer::{Lexer, Token},
         toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
         toml_value::Value,
diff --git a/toml-config/src/toml/toml_span.rs b/toml-parser/src/toml_span.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from toml-config/src/toml/toml_span.rs
rename to toml-parser/src/toml_span.rs
diff --git a/toml-config/src/toml/toml_value.rs b/toml-parser/src/toml_value.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from toml-config/src/toml/toml_value.rs
rename to toml-parser/src/toml_value.rs
index c93f942e..af290efc 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/toml/toml_value.rs
+++ b/toml-parser/src/toml_value.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use {
-    crate::toml::toml_span::Spanned,
+    crate::toml_span::Spanned,
     indexmap::IndexMap,
     std::{
         cmp::Ordering,
diff --git a/toml-config/src/config/value.rs b/toml-parser/src/value_ext.rs
similarity index 85%
rename from toml-config/src/config/value.rs
rename to toml-parser/src/value_ext.rs
index 0a80b0c6..db061de5 100644
--- a/toml-config/src/config/value.rs
+++ b/toml-parser/src/value_ext.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
-    config::parser::{ParseResult, Parser},
-    toml::{toml_span::Span, toml_value::Value},
+    toml_span::Span,
+    toml_value::Value,
+    value_parser::{ParseResult, Parser},
 };
 
 impl Value {
diff --git a/toml-parser/src/value_parser.rs b/toml-parser/src/value_parser.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7003db8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toml-parser/src/value_parser.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+use {
+    crate::{
+        toml_span::{Span, Spanned, SpannedExt},
+        toml_value::Value,
+    },
+    indexmap::IndexMap,
+    std::{
+        error::Error,
+        fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
+    },
+};
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum DataType {
+    String,
+    Integer,
+    Float,
+    Boolean,
+    Array,
+    Table,
+}
+
+impl Display for DataType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let s = match self {
+            DataType::String => "a string",
+            DataType::Integer => "an integer",
+            DataType::Float => "a float",
+            DataType::Boolean => "a bool",
+            DataType::Array => "an array",
+            DataType::Table => "a table",
+        };
+        f.write_str(s)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct DataTypes(&'static [DataType]);
+
+impl Display for DataTypes {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let d = self.0;
+        match d.len() {
+            0 => Ok(()),
+            1 => d[0].fmt(f),
+            2 => write!(f, "{} or {}", d[0], d[1]),
+            _ => {
+                let mut first = true;
+                #[expect(clippy::needless_range_loop)]
+                for i in 0..d.len() - 1 {
+                    if !first {
+                        f.write_str(", ")?;
+                    }
+                    first = false;
+                    d[i].fmt(f)?;
+                }
+                write!(f, ", or {}", d[d.len() - 1])
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct UnexpectedDataType(&'static [DataType], DataType);
+
+impl Display for UnexpectedDataType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Expected {} but found {}", DataTypes(self.0), self.1)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for UnexpectedDataType {}
+
+pub type ParseResult<P> = Result<<P as Parser>::Value, Spanned<<P as Parser>::Error>>;
+
+pub trait Parser {
+    type Value;
+    type Error: From<UnexpectedDataType>;
+
+    const EXPECTED: &'static [DataType];
+
+    fn parse_string(&mut self, span: Span, string: &str) -> ParseResult<Self> {
+        let _ = string;
+        expected(self, span, DataType::String)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_integer(&mut self, span: Span, integer: i64) -> ParseResult<Self> {
+        let _ = integer;
+        expected(self, span, DataType::Integer)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_float(&mut self, span: Span, float: f64) -> ParseResult<Self> {
+        let _ = float;
+        expected(self, span, DataType::Float)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_bool(&mut self, span: Span, bool: bool) -> ParseResult<Self> {
+        let _ = bool;
+        expected(self, span, DataType::Boolean)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_array(&mut self, span: Span, array: &[Spanned<Value>]) -> ParseResult<Self> {
+        let _ = array;
+        expected(self, span, DataType::Array)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_table(
+        &mut self,
+        span: Span,
+        table: &IndexMap<Spanned<String>, Spanned<Value>>,
+    ) -> ParseResult<Self> {
+        let _ = table;
+        expected(self, span, DataType::Table)
+    }
+}
+
+fn expected<P: Parser + ?Sized>(_p: &P, span: Span, actual: DataType) -> ParseResult<P> {
+    Err(P::Error::from(UnexpectedDataType(P::EXPECTED, actual)).spanned(span))
+}