diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 76982098..3c7c813b 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -322,6 +322,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "equivalent"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
 version = "0.3.5"
@@ -386,6 +392,12 @@ version = "0.28.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6fb8d784f27acf97159b40fc4db5ecd8aa23b9ad5ef69cdd136d3bc80665f0c0"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.14.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f93e7192158dbcda357bdec5fb5788eebf8bbac027f3f33e719d29135ae84156"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
 version = "0.4.1"
@@ -421,6 +433,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "cc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "indexmap"
+version = "2.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d530e1a18b1cb4c484e6e34556a0d948706958449fca0cab753d649f2bce3d1f"
+dependencies = [
+ "equivalent",
+ "hashbrown",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "isnt"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -447,6 +469,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "dirs",
  "futures-util",
  "humantime",
+ "indexmap",
  "isnt",
  "jay-config",
  "libloading",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 484b2ef7..c2f2e8d2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ backtrace = "0.3.64"
 chrono = "0.4.19"
 parking_lot = "0.12.1"
 arrayvec = "0.7.4"
+indexmap = "2.1.0"
 
 [build-dependencies]
 repc = "0.1.1"
diff --git a/src/drm_feedback.rs b/src/drm_feedback.rs
index 4f54a608..7eb8bdb3 100644
--- a/src/drm_feedback.rs
+++ b/src/drm_feedback.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl DrmFeedback {
 fn create_fd_data(ctx: &dyn GfxContext) -> Vec<u8> {
     let mut vec = vec![];
     for (format, info) in &*ctx.formats() {
-        for modifier in info.modifiers.keys() {
+        for modifier in &info.modifiers {
             vec.write_u32::<NativeEndian>(*format).unwrap();
             vec.write_u32::<NativeEndian>(0).unwrap();
             vec.write_u64::<NativeEndian>(*modifier).unwrap();
diff --git a/src/gfx_api.rs b/src/gfx_api.rs
index ef25cad3..2de46e62 100644
--- a/src/gfx_api.rs
+++ b/src/gfx_api.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ use {
         state::State,
         theme::Color,
         tree::Node,
-        video::{dmabuf::DmaBuf, gbm::GbmDevice},
+        video::{dmabuf::DmaBuf, gbm::GbmDevice, Modifier},
     },
     ahash::AHashMap,
+    indexmap::IndexSet,
     std::{
         any::Any,
         cell::Cell,
@@ -277,8 +278,6 @@ pub trait GfxTexture: Debug {
 pub trait GfxContext: Debug {
     fn reset_status(&self) -> Option<ResetStatus>;
 
-    fn supports_external_texture(&self) -> bool;
-
     fn render_node(&self) -> Rc<CString>;
 
     fn formats(&self) -> Rc<AHashMap<u32, GfxFormat>>;
@@ -302,14 +301,7 @@ pub trait GfxContext: Debug {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct GfxFormat {
     pub format: &'static Format,
-    pub implicit_external_only: bool,
-    pub modifiers: AHashMap<u64, GfxModifier>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct GfxModifier {
-    pub modifier: u64,
-    pub external_only: bool,
+    pub modifiers: IndexSet<Modifier>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Error)]
diff --git a/src/gfx_apis/gl.rs b/src/gfx_apis/gl.rs
index df57d8fc..3e80a101 100644
--- a/src/gfx_apis/gl.rs
+++ b/src/gfx_apis/gl.rs
@@ -126,6 +126,8 @@ enum RenderError {
     ExternalOnly,
     #[error("OpenGL context does not support external textures")]
     ExternalUnsupported,
+    #[error("OpenGL context does not support any formats")]
+    NoSupportedFormats,
 }
 
 #[derive(Default)]
diff --git a/src/gfx_apis/gl/egl/context.rs b/src/gfx_apis/gl/egl/context.rs
index c71f7176..8a90ef91 100644
--- a/src/gfx_apis/gl/egl/context.rs
+++ b/src/gfx_apis/gl/egl/context.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use {
     crate::{
-        gfx_api::ResetStatus,
+        gfx_api::{GfxFormat, ResetStatus},
         gfx_apis::gl::{
             egl::{
                 display::EglDisplay,
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use {
             RenderError,
         },
     },
+    ahash::AHashMap,
     std::rc::Rc,
 };
 
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ pub struct EglContext {
     pub dpy: Rc<EglDisplay>,
     pub ext: GlExt,
     pub ctx: EGLContext,
+    pub formats: Rc<AHashMap<u32, GfxFormat>>,
 }
 
 impl Drop for EglContext {
diff --git a/src/gfx_apis/gl/egl/display.rs b/src/gfx_apis/gl/egl/display.rs
index 95681b63..04d01ced 100644
--- a/src/gfx_apis/gl/egl/display.rs
+++ b/src/gfx_apis/gl/egl/display.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use {
     crate::{
         format::{formats, Format},
-        gfx_api::{GfxFormat, GfxModifier},
+        gfx_api::GfxFormat,
         gfx_apis::gl::{
             egl::{
                 context::EglContext,
@@ -30,16 +30,30 @@ use {
             },
             RenderError,
         },
-        video::{dmabuf::DmaBuf, drm::Drm, gbm::GbmDevice, INVALID_MODIFIER},
+        video::{dmabuf::DmaBuf, drm::Drm, gbm::GbmDevice, Modifier, INVALID_MODIFIER},
     },
     ahash::AHashMap,
+    indexmap::{IndexMap, IndexSet},
     std::{ptr, rc::Rc},
 };
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EglFormat {
+    pub format: &'static Format,
+    pub implicit_external_only: bool,
+    pub modifiers: IndexMap<u64, EglModifier>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EglModifier {
+    pub modifier: u64,
+    pub external_only: bool,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct EglDisplay {
     pub exts: DisplayExt,
-    pub formats: Rc<AHashMap<u32, GfxFormat>>,
+    pub formats: AHashMap<u32, EglFormat>,
     pub gbm: Rc<GbmDevice>,
     pub dpy: EGLDisplay,
 }
@@ -61,7 +75,7 @@ impl EglDisplay {
             }
             let mut dpy = EglDisplay {
                 exts: DisplayExt::empty(),
-                formats: Rc::new(AHashMap::new()),
+                formats: AHashMap::new(),
                 gbm: Rc::new(gbm),
                 dpy,
             };
@@ -89,7 +103,7 @@ impl EglDisplay {
             if !dpy.exts.intersects(DisplayExt::KHR_SURFACELESS_CONTEXT) {
                 return Err(RenderError::SurfacelessContext);
             }
-            dpy.formats = Rc::new(query_formats(dpy.dpy)?);
+            dpy.formats = query_formats(dpy.dpy)?;
 
             Ok(Rc::new(dpy))
         }
@@ -109,27 +123,57 @@ impl EglDisplay {
             log::warn!("EGL display does not support gpu reset notifications");
         }
         attrib.push(EGL_NONE);
-        unsafe {
-            let ctx = eglCreateContext(
+        let ctx = unsafe {
+            eglCreateContext(
                 self.dpy,
                 EGLConfig::none(),
                 EGLContext::none(),
                 attrib.as_ptr(),
-            );
-            if ctx.is_none() {
-                return Err(RenderError::CreateContext);
-            }
-            let mut ctx = EglContext {
-                dpy: self.clone(),
-                ext: GlExt::empty(),
-                ctx,
-            };
-            ctx.ext = ctx.with_current(|| Ok(get_gl_ext()))?;
-            if !ctx.ext.contains(GlExt::GL_OES_EGL_IMAGE) {
-                return Err(RenderError::OesEglImage);
-            }
-            Ok(Rc::new(ctx))
+            )
+        };
+        if ctx.is_none() {
+            return Err(RenderError::CreateContext);
         }
+        let mut ctx = EglContext {
+            dpy: self.clone(),
+            ext: GlExt::empty(),
+            ctx,
+            formats: Default::default(),
+        };
+        ctx.ext = ctx.with_current(|| Ok(get_gl_ext()))?;
+        if !ctx.ext.contains(GlExt::GL_OES_EGL_IMAGE) {
+            return Err(RenderError::OesEglImage);
+        }
+        ctx.formats = {
+            let mut formats = AHashMap::new();
+            let supports_external_only = ctx.ext.contains(GlExt::GL_OES_EGL_IMAGE_EXTERNAL);
+            for (&drm, format) in &self.formats {
+                if format.implicit_external_only && !supports_external_only {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let mut modifiers = IndexSet::new();
+                for modifier in format.modifiers.values() {
+                    if modifier.external_only && !supports_external_only {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    modifiers.insert(modifier.modifier);
+                }
+                if !modifiers.is_empty() {
+                    formats.insert(
+                        drm,
+                        GfxFormat {
+                            format: format.format,
+                            modifiers,
+                        },
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            Rc::new(formats)
+        };
+        if ctx.formats.is_empty() {
+            return Err(RenderError::NoSupportedFormats);
+        }
+        Ok(Rc::new(ctx))
     }
 
     pub(in crate::gfx_apis::gl) fn import_dmabuf(
@@ -228,7 +272,7 @@ impl Drop for EglDisplay {
     }
 }
 
-unsafe fn query_formats(dpy: EGLDisplay) -> Result<AHashMap<u32, GfxFormat>, RenderError> {
+unsafe fn query_formats(dpy: EGLDisplay) -> Result<AHashMap<u32, EglFormat>, RenderError> {
     let mut vec = vec![];
     let mut num = 0;
     let res = PROCS.eglQueryDmaBufFormatsEXT(dpy, num, ptr::null_mut(), &mut num);
@@ -248,7 +292,7 @@ unsafe fn query_formats(dpy: EGLDisplay) -> Result<AHashMap<u32, GfxFormat>, Ren
             let (modifiers, external_only) = query_modifiers(dpy, fmt, format)?;
             res.insert(
                 format.drm,
-                GfxFormat {
+                EglFormat {
                     format,
                     implicit_external_only: external_only,
                     modifiers,
@@ -263,7 +307,7 @@ unsafe fn query_modifiers(
     dpy: EGLDisplay,
     gl_format: EGLint,
     format: &'static Format,
-) -> Result<(AHashMap<u64, GfxModifier>, bool), RenderError> {
+) -> Result<(IndexMap<Modifier, EglModifier>, bool), RenderError> {
     let mut mods = vec![];
     let mut ext_only = vec![];
     let mut num = 0;
@@ -293,11 +337,11 @@ unsafe fn query_modifiers(
     }
     mods.set_len(num as usize);
     ext_only.set_len(num as usize);
-    let mut res = AHashMap::new();
+    let mut res = IndexMap::new();
     for (modifier, ext_only) in mods.iter().copied().zip(ext_only.iter().copied()) {
         res.insert(
             modifier as _,
-            GfxModifier {
+            EglModifier {
                 modifier: modifier as _,
                 external_only: ext_only == EGL_TRUE,
             },
@@ -309,7 +353,7 @@ unsafe fn query_modifiers(
     }
     res.insert(
         INVALID_MODIFIER,
-        GfxModifier {
+        EglModifier {
             modifier: INVALID_MODIFIER,
             external_only,
         },
diff --git a/src/gfx_apis/gl/renderer/context.rs b/src/gfx_apis/gl/renderer/context.rs
index 46ed57dd..103ffc82 100644
--- a/src/gfx_apis/gl/renderer/context.rs
+++ b/src/gfx_apis/gl/renderer/context.rs
@@ -81,10 +81,6 @@ impl GlRenderContext {
         self.ctx.reset_status()
     }
 
-    pub fn supports_external_texture(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ctx.ext.contains(GlExt::GL_OES_EGL_IMAGE_EXTERNAL)
-    }
-
     pub(in crate::gfx_apis::gl) fn from_drm_device(drm: &Drm) -> Result<Self, RenderError> {
         let nodes = drm.get_nodes()?;
         let node = match nodes
@@ -160,7 +156,7 @@ impl GlRenderContext {
     }
 
     pub fn formats(&self) -> Rc<AHashMap<u32, GfxFormat>> {
-        self.ctx.dpy.formats.clone()
+        self.ctx.formats.clone()
     }
 
     fn dmabuf_fb(self: &Rc<Self>, buf: &DmaBuf) -> Result<Rc<Framebuffer>, RenderError> {
@@ -206,10 +202,6 @@ impl GfxContext for GlRenderContext {
         self.reset_status()
     }
 
-    fn supports_external_texture(&self) -> bool {
-        self.supports_external_texture()
-    }
-
     fn render_node(&self) -> Rc<CString> {
         self.render_node()
     }
diff --git a/src/ifs/zwp_linux_buffer_params_v1.rs b/src/ifs/zwp_linux_buffer_params_v1.rs
index 9120e553..35aecf09 100644
--- a/src/ifs/zwp_linux_buffer_params_v1.rs
+++ b/src/ifs/zwp_linux_buffer_params_v1.rs
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ impl ZwpLinuxBufferParamsV1 {
             Some(m) => m,
             _ => return Err(ZwpLinuxBufferParamsV1Error::NoPlanes),
         };
-        if !format.modifiers.contains_key(&modifier) {
+        if !format.modifiers.contains(&modifier) {
             return Err(ZwpLinuxBufferParamsV1Error::InvalidModifier(modifier));
         }
         let mut dmabuf = DmaBuf {
diff --git a/src/ifs/zwp_linux_dmabuf_v1.rs b/src/ifs/zwp_linux_dmabuf_v1.rs
index 3b506cf0..f76d4954 100644
--- a/src/ifs/zwp_linux_dmabuf_v1.rs
+++ b/src/ifs/zwp_linux_dmabuf_v1.rs
@@ -42,16 +42,10 @@ impl ZwpLinuxDmabufV1Global {
             if let Some(ctx) = client.state.render_ctx.get() {
                 let formats = ctx.formats();
                 for format in formats.values() {
-                    if format.implicit_external_only && !ctx.supports_external_texture() {
-                        continue;
-                    }
                     obj.send_format(format.format.drm);
                     if version >= MODIFIERS_SINCE_VERSION {
-                        for modifier in format.modifiers.values() {
-                            if modifier.external_only && !ctx.supports_external_texture() {
-                                continue;
-                            }
-                            obj.send_modifier(format.format.drm, modifier.modifier);
+                        for &modifier in &format.modifiers {
+                            obj.send_modifier(format.format.drm, modifier);
                         }
                     }
                 }